Open Flight School

The ABRIS is one of the two navigation systems of the KA-50.  It uses a graphical display and is also known as the Advanced Moving Map System.  It operates independently of the PVI-800 with the exception of the graphical representation of a PVI-800 navigation target in the ABRIS as a blue square.  The basis of the ABRIS positioning is the Russian satellite navigation system, GLONASS.  The ABRIS can be used to plan the flight route as well as to display target information from other KA-50 by means of a data link.  The viewing direction and the distance in which the Shkval points are also displayed.

Further Information:

KA-50 Black Shark Basic Course (DCS) / Cockpit Briefing / Cockpit Overview / FP

The I-251 "Shkval" is the electro-optical target system of the KA-50.  The image is displayed on a monitor in the middle of the front panel.  

Further Information:

KA-50 Black Shark Basic Course (DCS) / Cockpit Instruction / Cockpit Overview / FP

Electronic Engine Governor

The electronic engine governor controls the fuel flow to the engines so that the pilot does not have to operate the engine throttle when controlling the collective.

Further Information:

KA-50 Black Shark Basic Course (DCS) / Cockpit Instruction / Cockpit Overview / SP

Экран (English: Screen or Display)

The EKRAN is the internal diagnosis and warning system of the KA-50.

Further Information:

KA-50 Black Shark Basic Course (DCS) / Cockpit Instruction / Cockpit Overview / FP
KA-50 Black Shark Basic Course (DCS) / Cockpit Instruction / Cockpit Overview / HP

The K-041 "Rubikon" is the control, navigation and target system of the KA-50.  It consists of an integrated computer system with five subunits (combat, navigation, data display, target identification and weapon control).  When the K-041 is switched on, the Shkval display is also powered up.  

Further Information:

KA-50 Black Shark Basic Course (DCS) / Cockpit Instruction / Cockpit Overview / LP

The Vikhr is a Russian laser guided anti-tank missile.

Further Information:

• Wikipedia 9K121 Vikhr

Italian aerospace and defence group (formerly Finmeccanica).

See also: Leonardo_S.p.A (Wikipedia).

”Tricolour Arrows”

Aerobatic Squadron of the Italian Air Force (Italian for "Tricoloured Arrows"). 

Flies the Aeromacchi MB-339 PAN.

Global Positioning System (dt.: Globales Positionsbestimmungssystem)

Dies ist ein globales Navigationssatellitensystem zur Positionsbestimmung.

Weiterführende Informationen:

• Wikipedia

Continuously Computed Impact Point.

This is a calculated visual drop mode with manual weapon release. This mode allows a high degree of flexibility as the point on the ground where the weapon will hit is continuously indicated by a CCIP crosshair on the HUD. It is not necessary to lock the target. Simply put; bring the thing over the thing and drop the bomb.

Source: DCS FA-18C Early Access Guide.pdf

Additional Information:

• Wikipedia
• Explanation CCIP & CCRP

Air Traffic Control

Additional Information:

• Wikipedia

Instrument Flight Rules

Additional Information:

• Wikipedia

Not an abbreviation in the strict sense. Q Codes began at the time of the Morse alphabet.

Definition: The air pressure in relation to the sea level at the current location.

Memory aid for QNH: Nautical Height

Additional Information:

• Wikipedia
• OFS: QNH and QFE

Not an abbreviation in the strict sense. Use of Q Codes began at the time of the Morse alphabet.

Definition: The air pressure at the current location.

Memory aid for QFE: Field Elevation

Additional Information:

• Wikipedia
• OFS: QNH and QFE

International Standard Atmosphere

Additional Information:

• Wikipedia
• OFS: QNH and QFE

International Civil Aviation Organization

Additional Information:

• Wikipedia

Transition Altitude

Additional Information:

• Wikipedia
• OFS: QNH and QFE

Transition Level

Additional Information:

• Wikipedia
• OFS: QNH and QFE

Mean Sea Level

Definition: The average level of the surface of one or more of Earth's bodies of water.

Use: MSL is the zero from which elevation is measured for altitude data.

Additional Information:

• Wikipedia

Above Ground Level

Additional Information:

• Wikipedia

Automatic Terminal Information Service

Additional Information:

• Wikipedia

Visual Flight Rules

Additional Information:

• Wikipedia

Angle of Attack

Additional Information:

• Wikipedia

Precision Approach Path Indicator

Additional Information:

• Wikipedia
• Standard Landing with 3° Glide Path

Transition Layer (TLYR)

Additional Information:

• Wikipedia
• OFS: QNH and QFE

Continuously Computed Release Point.

This is a calculated visual drop mode with manual or automatic weapon release. This mode allows the bomb to be dropped without loss of height as the point on the ground where the weapon will hit is continuously calculated and the HUD indicates when the weapon must be released. This is done by designating the target.

Additional Information:

• Wikipedia
• Explanation CCIP & CCRP

Head Up Display

A display device to project information into the pilot's field of view so that he can simultaneously keep an eye on the surroundings outside the aircraft / helicopter when reading.

Additional Information:

• Wikipedia

Up Front Controller

The Up Front Controller was introduced in the A-10C so that important settings can be made quickly without having to look too far away from the HUD. It is a control unit whose buttons control and input of settings to other cockpit units.

For the F/A-18C this concept has been extended so that entries can only be made via the centrally located UFC.

Inertial Navigation System (dt.: inertiales Navigationssystem = Trägheitsnavigationssystem)

alternative Bezeichnung:

INU - Inertial Navigation Unit (dt.: inertiale Navigationseinheit) 

Weiterführende Informationen:

• Wikipedia

Identification Friend or Foe

Additional Information:

• Wikipedia

Hands on Throttle and Stick

HOTAS is the name for a control concept to increase flight safety, in which all control elements essential for flight performance are mounted on the Control stick and the Throttle.

Additional information:

• Wikipedia

Horizontal Situation Indicator

Additional Information:

• Wikipedia

Standby Attitude Indicator

Additional Information:

• Wikipedia

Initial Approach Fix

A waypoint at which the standard approach procedure to an airfield starts.

Additional Information:

• Wikipedia

Revolutions per Minute

Definition: Rotational speed of a rotating object.

Additional Information:

• Wikipedia

Very High Frequency

Additional Information:

• Wikipedia

Amplitude Modulation

Additional Information:

• Wikipedia

Frequency Modulation

Additional Information:

• Wikipedia

Глоба́льная навигацио́нная спу́тниковая спу́тниковая систе́ма (Globalnaja nawigazionnaja sputnikowaja sistema) (Global Satellite Navigation System) is the Russian version of the US GPS.

Additional Information:

• Wikipedia

Attitude Director Indicator, artificial horizon. Gyro flight position instrument to assess the orientation of the aircraft in relation to the horizon.

Instrument landing system. Radio navigation installation at the runway to provide runway centerline and glideslope guidance to aircraft operating under IFR

Basic flight instruments: Airspeed indicator, artificial horizon, altimeter and gyro. In most cockpits organized in form of a "T".

Unofficial modification from the user community for DCS World, e.g. Airplanes, graphic adjustments or tools

Ultra High Frequency (dt.: Dezimeterwelle)

Weiterführende Informationen:

• Wikipedia

Anti Skid (dt.: Antiblockiersystem)

Verhindert das Blockieren der Räder beim bremsen.

Weiterführende Informationen:

• Wikipedia

Antiblockiersystem

Nosewheel Steering (dt.: Bugradsteuerung)

Bei vielen Flugzeugen wird das NWS über einen Knopf am HOTAS ein und ausgeschaltet (F-14, A-10C) bzw. die Beweglichkeit des Bugrades einschränken (F-15).

Weiterführende Informationen:

• A-10C Warthog Basiskurs (DCS) / Cockpiteinweisung / Cockpitübersicht / HOTAS
• F-14 Tomcat Piloten-Basiskurs (DCS) / Cockpiteinweisung / Cockpitübersicht / HOTAS
• F/A-18C Hornet Basiskurs (DCS) / Cockpiteinweisung / Cockpitübersicht / HOTAS
• Wikipedia

Precision Approach Radar (dt. Präzisionsanflugradar)

• Wikipedia: Präzisionsanflugradar

Angle of Bank

The angle of rotation of the aircraft about the longitudinal axis with respect to the earth horizon.  

Further Information: Wikipedia

Attitude and Heading Reference System

Part of an aircraft’s initial navigation system driven by ring lasers and accelerometers.  

Further Information: Wikipedia

Fuel Flow (dt.: Kraftstoffdurchfluss)

Weiterführende Informationen:

• A-10C Warthog Basiskurs (DCS) / Cockpiteinweisung / Cockpitübersicht / VI-R
• F-14 Tomcat Piloten-Basiskurs (DCS) / Cockpiteinweisung / Cockpitübersicht / KKL
• F/A-18C Hornet Basiskurs (DCS) / Cockpiteinweisung / Cockpitübersicht / VI-L

Automatic Direction Finder (dt.: Radio- oder Funkkompass)

Weiterführende Informationen:

• Wikipedia

Non-Directional (radio) Beacon (dt. Ungerichtetes Funkfeuer bzw. Kreisfunkfeuer).

Weiterführende Informationen:

• Wikipedia

Mission type Defensive Counter Air: Protect friendly assets in and around the station area.

Mission type Barrier Combat Air Patrol: Protect a lane from enemy penetration.

Mission type High Value Asset Protection Combat Air Patrol: A/A mission designed to protect Aircraft like Tankers or AWACS.

Mission type Target Combat Air Patrol: Protect friendly aircrafts engaged in an operation within enemy airspace. Same as DCA but into enemy Territory.

Mission type Rescue Combat Air Patrol: Same as HAVCAP, but protect rescue Helicopter.

steht für Foreign Object Debris (dt. Beschädigung durch Fremdkörper).

Weiter Infos:

• Wikipedia: Foreign Object Damage

Die Morsezeichen, manchmal auch Morsealphabet oder Morsecode genannt, sind ein Zeichensatz zur Übermittlung von Buchstaben, Ziffern und übrigen Zeichen. Dabei wird ein direktes Signal ein- und ausgeschaltet. Es besteht aus drei Symbolen: kurzes Signal, langes Signal und Pause.

Quelle und weitere Informationen:

• Wikipedia: Morsezeichen

Das Bullseye ist ein vordefinierter Punkt, der als Referenz für Funkrufe zur Angabe einer Position verwendet wird. Wenn beispielsweise jemand sagt, dass er einen Radarkontakt bei "Bullseye 050 at 30 miles" hat, ist der Radarkontakt 30 Meilen vom Bullseye-Punkt bei einem Kurs von 050 (etwa Nordosten) entfernt.

Bully wird verwendet, wenn der Funkverkehr vom Feind abgehört werden kann. Da der Bullseye-Punkt vor dem Flug vereinbart und nicht über Funk angegeben wird, kann der Feind bei Verwendung der Bullseye-Terminologie nicht feststellen, auf welchen Punkt sie sich beziehen. Darüber hinaus trägt die Verwendung von Bullseye-Koordinaten zur Verbesserung des Situationsbewusstseins bei, da es sich um einen absoluten Bezugsrahmen handelt. Wenn AWACS einem anderen Flugzeug mitteilt, dass es bei "3 Uhr, 25 Meilen" feindliche Jäger hat, hat er keine Ahnung, wo sie sich befinden. Wenn man jedoch sagt, dass sich die Jäger bei "Bullseye 120 bei 100 Meilen" befinden, weiß man genau, wo sie sich befinden.

Quelle: Falconpedia

The Exhaust Gas Temperature of a jet engine is one of two primary measurements of engine performance.  The temperature is usually measured at the Power Turbine that drives a shaft through the centre of the engine to spin the blades of the multi-stage compressor. 

Additional Information:

• Wikipedia

Auxiliary Power Unit

An additional engine switched on before the main engine(s) are started in order to supply the required electrical energy (and compressed air).

Additional Information:

• Wikipedia
• F/A-18C Hornet Basic Course (DCS) / Cockpit Instruction / Cockpit Overview / LK

Man Portable Air Defense System

Additional Information:

• Wikipedia

HARM steht für High-Speed Anti-Radiation Missle (dt.: Hochgeschwindigkeits-Anti-Radar-Rakete).

Ein Beispiel ist die AGM-88 HARM, welche bei der F/A-18C verwendet werden kann.

Weitere Informationen:

• Wikipedia: AGM-88 HARM

SAM steht für Surface to Air Missle (dt. Boden-Luft-Rakete oder Flugabwehrrakete).

Weiter Informationen:

• Wikipedia: Flugabwehrrakete

SEAD steht für Suppression of Enemy Air Defences (dt. Unterdrückung feindlicher Luftabwehr)

Weitere Informationen:

• Wikipedia Suppression of Enemy Air Defences

Military Grid Reference System (dt. Militärisches Rasterreferenz-System)

Beim MGRS handelt es sich um ein rechtwinkliges Planquadrat-orientiertes geografisches Meldesystem. Es basiert auf dem UTM-Koordinatensystem. Daher werden beide Begriffe (MGRS & UTM) genutzt.

Weitere Informationen:

• Wikipedia: UTM-Referenzsystem

Ein FAC (bzw. JTAC) teilt einem Piloten beim einem CAS-Einsatz mit, wann, wo und mit welcher Waffe angegriffen werden soll. Die Stellung befreundeter Einheiten, An- und Abflug, Zielposition und -beschreibung usw. muss in kurzer Zeit effektiv und möglichst unmissverständlich kommuniziert werden.

Dafür wurde ein Standard-Verfahren eingeführt, welches als 9-Line bezeichnet wird, weil die Informationen in neuen Zeilen übergeben werden.

Weitere Informationen:

• HEC Arma Wiki - CAS

Close Air Support is a mission type where ground units are supported by friendly air units that attack and destroy enemy ground units.

Additional Information:

• Wikipedia

Die Abkürzung JTAC steht für Joint Terminal Attack Controller und wird auf deutsch als Fliegerleitoffizier bezeichnet. Eine alternative Benennung ist FAC (Forward Air Control bzw. Forward Air Controller)

Er begleitet Bodentruppen und koordiniert den Einsatz von Hubschraubern oder Flugzeugen. Manche JTAC Einheiten sind in der Lage das Ziel mittels Laser und/oder Rauch zu markieren oder die Koordinaten zu ermitteln und mitzuteilen. Aber auch Informationen zur Umgebung, umliegende Bedrohungen, An- und Abflugsrichtung, Lage verbündeter Einheiten und einzusetzende Bewaffnung kann ein JTAC dem Piloten übermitteln. Der sogenannte 9-Liner ist eine standarisierte Form um Missverständnisse zu vermeiden.

Weiterführende Informationen:

• Wikipedia (EN) - Joint terminal attack controller

This is "Attitude, Power, Trim" in English - See APT

Attitude, Power, Trim

A method specifically for levelling off from a climb.  

ATTITUDE - Pitch from the Climb attitude to the Straight and Level attitude expected for the required speed.  

POWER - Adjust the throttle to provide the expected power required for the desired speed.  

TRIM - Trim the aircraft in pitch to minimise stick forces so the aircraft maintain the chosen attitude wits minimal input from you.  

See also: PAAT

NTTR steht für Nevada Test and Training Range und ist eine der beiden Übungsgebiete der Nellis Air Force Base in Nevada.

Quelle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada_Test_and_Training_Range

LATN ist die Abkürzung für Low Altitude Tactical Navigation.

Discord ist eine Software mit der man Server zu bestimmten Themen einrichten kann und dort Text-Kanäle (Chat-Räume) und Sprach-Kanäle (für Audio-Konferenzen ala TeamSpeak) anbieten kann. Auch die Übertragung des eigenen Bilschirms (Streaming) ist möglich. Da man die Discord-App für alle möglichen Betriebsysteme und auch als App für Smartphones installieren kann, ist es für unsere Belange sehr gut geeignet.

Wenn du bei der OpenFlightSchool mitmachen möchtest (egal ob als Schüler oder als Tutor) dann solltest du unserem Discord-Server beitreten. Um das zu tun klicke einfach auf folgenden Link:

The main instrument of understanding the aircraft‘s attitude with respect to earth’s surface.  

It is a gyro (or graphical representation) driven by either:

• A mechanism to maintain its orientation relative to the earth’s surface through rigidity and precession.  
• A ring laser and accelerometer driven Attitude and Heading Reference System (AHRS)

It is normally mounted centrally on an aircraft main instrument panel.  It can be implemented as graphics within a “glass Cockpit”.  

Further Information: Wikipedia

See also: AI, AHRS, INS

Tactical Air Navigation, military radio beacon, similar to the VOR/DME used for civilian purposes.

A ground (or air) based navigation beacon allowing display of bearing and slant range to the beacon.  It has greater accuracy than VOR / DME.  

Codes: 127

Bands: 2 (X and Y)

A limited version of TACAN can be implemented in fighters allowing reception of range Information only.  

See also: “YARDSTICK”

Further information:

• Wikipedia

This is a method of assessing distance between diverging (or converging) tracks.  

For every degree difference between two tracks there is a 1 nautical mile separation after 60 nautical miles of travel.  

E.g. If a track is flown 5˚ Off heading, after 12 nautical miles there will be 1 nm separation.  

This only works up to about 15˚ of track separation.  

VHF Omnidirectional Radio Range - Omnidirectional Radio Beacon which allows the pilot to determine his position in relation to the beacon, i.e. the radial of the VOR, via a display unit (RMI, HSI, etc.) in the cockpit.

Further Information: Wikipedia

(AH-64D Apache) Aircraft Survivability Equipment (Page)

The ASE page provides a de-cluttered, azimuth-only display of any radar or laser threats detected by the aircraft defensive systems, and allows the aircrew to manage the survivability equipment onboard the aircraft, such as the RLWR and chaff dispenser.

(AH-64D Apache) Back-Up Control System

Normally, the pilot and CPG flight controls are mechanically linked. The mechanical linkages are protected by shear pins and mis-track sensors to prevent a control jam or severance from affecting both sets of flight controls. If the flight controls are decoupled by the shear pin, or a mis-track is otherwise sensed, the Back-Up Control System is automatically activated. The BUCS is a single-channel, four-axis, non-redundant electric fly-by-wire (FBW) system. The FBW system is designed to replicate the feel of the hydromechanical controls but does not replicate SCAS functionality. BUCS can only be active for the pilot or the CPG station. Either the pilot or the CPG can transfer BUCS control to their station if necessary, depending on the nature and location of the jam or severance within the flight controls.

(A-10C Warthog) Counter Measures Set

The A-10C has a defensive system that helps alert and protect you against enemy weapon systems with radar and laser illumination. This includes support for Electronic Counter Measure (ECM) pods, chaff and flare dispensers, a radar warning receiver set, and a Missile Warning System (MWS). These systems are combined to form the CounterMeasures Set (CMS). The CMS has two primary panels: the Countermeasures Signal Processor (CMSP) panel and the Countermeasures Set Control (CMSC) panel.

(AH-64D Apache) Environmental Control System

The ECS provides crewmember comfort through ventilation, heating, and air conditioning. Ventilation is provided by pilot and CPG gaspers, which can be opened to admit outside air into the cockpit. The ECS also powers ventilation fans that provide forced air exchange between the cockpits and for avionics cooling.

(AH-64D Apache) Electronic Control Unit

Detects overspeed and overcurrent anomalies, as well as abnormal oil pressure. The ECU will automatically shut down the APU when an anomaly is detected. The ECU also controls the power takeoff (PTO) clutch engagement to the accessory section of the main transmission.

(AH-64D Apache) Electrical Power Management System

Electrical aircraft power is managed by the EPMS. The EPMS is a fully redundant and automatic power system consisting of a distributor for battery, AC, and DC power.

(AH-64D Apache) Flight Management Computer

The FMC provides rate damping to smooth flight control inputs and command augmentation. It also provides limited attitude and altitude hold capability for hands-off flying.

(AH-64D Apache) Generator Control Unit

AC power is provided by two brushless, air-cooled generators. Each generator outputs 45 kVA three-phase four-wire power at 115 or 200 volts and 400 Hz. Each generator has its own Generator Control Unit. A single generator is capable of handling full flight loads without shedding. The generators are mounted to the transmission accessory gearbox.

(AH-64D Apache) Integrated Pressurized Air System

The IPAS provides pressurized air to aircraft pneumatic systems. Bleed air is drawn from two ports: a high-pressure port is exclusively used to pressurize the hydraulic systems, and a low-pressure port is used by all other consumers. Low-pressure air is used by the engine air turbine starters, fuel boost and transfer pumps, anti-ice system, ice detection probe, nitrogen inerting unit, vapor cycle cooling system, and environmental control system. IPAS bleed air can be provided by one or both engines, the APU, or an external source such as an AGPU.

(AH-64D Apache) Longbow Hellfire Modular Missile System

The LBHMMS provides precision fire capability against point targets at long range. The AGM-114K “Kilo” and AGM-114L “Lima” Hellfires were designed as modern-day tank killers, able to defeat any known armor on the battlefield.

(AH-64D Apache) Modernized Target Acquisition Designation Sight

The M-TADS is a long-range, precision engagement and pilotage solution for day, night, and adverse weather missions.

(AH-64D Apache) Nitrogen Inerting Unit

The fuel cells are inerted using nitrogen to reduce the risk of fire. The NIU is completely self-contained and automatic. It uses aircraft power and pressurized air and generates an inerted mix containing around 99% nitrogen. This inerted gas is used to pressurize the internal cells. It is also routed to the IAFS during fuel transfer.

(AH-64D Apache) Stability and Control Augmentation System

Hydraulic augmentation, which consists of hydraulic actuators controlled by the FMC. The command augmentation system provides consistent control feel across the full range of helicopter airspeeds. The SCAS also provides automatic turn coordination for turns above 40 knots airspeed.

(AH-64D Apache) Target Acquisition Designation Sight

The AH-64A was equipped with a revolutionary new targeting system (TADS). It was designed to allow aircrews to acquire targets and steer the 30mm cannon using a helmet-mounted sight.

(AH-64D Apache) Transformer-Rectifier Unit

DC power is provided by two Transformer-Rectifier Units (TRUs), each providing 28 volts and 350 amps of DC power. Like the generators, a single TRU can provide sufficient power for full flight loads without shedding.